ChemBook Chapter:
Chapter 6: Water, Water, Everywhere

Learning Outcomes

Students will know...

1. how to count stuff
2. how to mathematically convert from one type of unit to another utilizing a set of conversion factors
3. the names, formulas, and physical state of the first 10 alkanes
4. the MAIN Metric Prefixes for Chemistry Class as listed in section 10.2 of chembook - it's the last table there
5. how to fully balance a chemical reaction and identify the coefficients
6. how to balance an acid/base reaction
7. the Arrhenius and Lowry-Bronsted definitions of acids and bases
8. the names and formulas of the 7 strong acids and the 8 strong bases we covered
9. how to identify the conjugate base of an acid and vice versa
10. the definition and how to calculate the pH, pOH, and pK for solutions/substances
11. what percent ionization is and how to apply it and calculate from it - predict pH
12. how to convert a given concentration of a weak base or acid and the resulting pH into a percent ionization
13. how to convert the concentration and percent ionization into a K_a or K_b
14. what the definition of neutral water is
15. how the pH scale works and how we describe the ranges - strongly acidic, distinctly acidic, slightly acidic, fairly neutral, and perfectly neutral - plus the analogous basic ranges as well
16. how to identify conjugate acid/base pairs
17. how to calculate the volume needed to reach the equivalence point of a given titration (neutralization)
18. how to use titration data to determine the original concentration of a solution of acid or base
19. what causes acid rain and how it can be prevented
20. the chemistry of dissolving a salt into water
21. the chemistry and results of dissolving CO₂ into water/rain
22. anything else we learned and did in class, on HW, that I forgot here

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Here is a pdf helpsheet on the pH/pOH scale and the formulas for converting between H⁺ and OH^– concentrations. This is pulled from the gchem site.

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Formulas/Equations YOU should know

K_w = [H⁺][OH^-]

pH = -log[H⁺]

[H⁺] = 10^-pH

pOH = -log[OH^-]

[OH^-] = 10^-pOH

%ionized  =   [ionized] × 100%
[original]

weak acids / weak bases

acid reaction:
HA(aq) ⇌ H⁺(aq) + A^-(aq)

K_a  =   [H⁺][A^-]
[HA]

base reaction:
B(aq) (+ H₂O) ⇌ OH^-(aq) + BH⁺(aq)

K_b  =   [OH^-][B⁺]
[B]

conjugate pairs:   K_w = K_aK_b