home   /   exams   /   exam 2

2 Ex exam 2    2/22

We now have an official Exam Procedure page. Check it out and know what to expect on Thursday.

Coverage for Exam 2: Exam 2 covers all the material that was covered on LE's 08-17 and HW03 and HW04. The exam covers all of Chapter 9 (chemical equilibria) and about half of Chapter 10 (Acid/Base Equilibria). Remember that the extra practice assignments (3-4) on canvas are a good way to prep as well.

Length / Time for Exam 2: You should expect 25 multiple choice questions. The questions will have a range of point values from 2 points to 4 points. Remember that the point values are included with all questions. The exam is given during class time (9:30-10:45, 11-12:15) which is 75 minutes total which includes the handout time.

Concepts • Equations - 9 Chemical Equilibria

aA   +   bB   ⇌   cC   +   dD

mass action =
activity, K aCc aDd
aAa aBb


mass action =
conc, Kc [C]c [D]d
[A]a [B]b


mass action =
press, Kp PCc PDd
PAa PBb


∆G = ∆G ° + RT lnQ

∆G ° = –RT lnK

K = exp(–∆G °/RT )

some equilibrium conditions

  1. all concentrations and pressures are NOT changing
  2. kinetics: rateforward = ratereverse
  3. thermo: ∆G = 0
  4. mass action: Q = K
  5. free energy of the system is at a minimum for the stated conditions

Le Chatlier's Principle:
A stress of changing concentration or pressure will change Q. A change in temperature will change K. The system will respond accordingly:

if Q < K    shift right →

if Q > K    ← shift left

if Q = K    no change ⇌

Van't Hoff Equation:
ln   K2 K1 /> = ∆H R   1   T1 –   1   T2


Concepts • Equations - 10 Acid/Base Equilibria

acid / base theory

acid = a proton donor

base = a proton acceptor

(Lowry-Bronsted definition)

water

Kw = [H+][OH-]

pH = -log[H+][H+] = 10-pH

pOH = -log[OH-][OH-] = 10-pOH

weak acids / weak bases

Ka  =   [H+][OH-]
[HA]

Kb  =   [OH-][B+]
[B]

conjugate pairs:   Kw = KaKb

Learning Outcomes for Chemical Equilibria

Students will be able too...

  1. Know the importance of the activity of a species and how it relates to concentration, pressure, and equilibrium.
  2. Write the mass action expression for homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria.
  3. Determine new values for K when combining multiple reactions.
  4. Know the difference between Kp and Kc and be able to convert between the two.
  5. Describe the relationship between free energy and equilibrium
  6. Convert ΔG to Q, as well as ΔG° to K and vice versa.
  7. Determine if a system is at equilibrium and if not which direction the reaction will shift to achieve equilibrium.
  8. Set up and solve a RICE table for a multitude of various reaction types.
  9. Calculate the concentration/pressure of all species at equilibrium.
  10. Show a complete understanding of Le Chatelier's principle.
  11. Predict the response of a reaction to an applied stress (concentration, pressure, volume, temperature) both qualitatively and quantitatively.
  12. Calculate the new value of K when the temperature changes to a new value.

Note that only outcomes 1-9 will be on the exam for the Acid/Base chapter.

Learning Outcomes for Acid/Base Equilibria

Students will be able to...

  1. Understand the strength of an acid (or base) as determined by the percent of ionization in solution.
  2. Identify strong and weak acids and bases.
  3. Identify acid/base conjugate pairs and their relative strengths.
  4. Understand the process of auto-ionization of water and what is meant by acidic, basic, and neutral.
  5. Know the value of Kw at 25°C, and the relationship between Ka and Kb for a conjugate pair.
  6. Convert between hydronium ion concentration, hydroxide ion concentration, pH and pOH for a given solution.
  7. Determine the pH of a strong acid or base solution.
  8. Determine the pH of a weak acid or weak base solution.
  9. Determine the pH of the solution made from the salt of a weak acid or the salt of a weak base.
  10. Recognize and predict the components of a buffer solution.
  11. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution, and a buffer solution after the addition of strong acid or strong base.
  12. Balance a reaction for the neutralization of an acid or base and calculate stoichiometric quantities throughout the reaction (titration).
  13. Determine the majority species for acid/base solutions as well as the pH following neutralization.
  14. Interpret a titration curve plot including calculating the concentration and Ka or Kb for the analyte.
  15. Understand the concept of an acid/base indicator, and determine which indicators are appropriate for a given titration.
  16. Determine the protonation state (or overall charge) for a polyprotic species at a particular pH.
  17. Apply concepts from equilibria to acid/base problems